How to Be an Animal Pharmacist

Veterinary pharmacists provide medicines used in the practice of animal medicine.

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Veterinary pharmacists play an important role in the ongoing health of pets and other animals domesticated by humans. The National Institute of Health notes that there are two types of veterinary pharmacists. First, there are those pharmacists who serve the needs of veterinarians on an as-needed basis. Secondly, there are those that are known as veterinary pharmacy specialists who work exclusively in the field of veterinary pharmacy practice. The education and training for both are similar.

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Obtain a bachelor's degree in biology or a field of approved pre-pharmaceutical studies, such as chemistry. Most pharmacy schools require that you have completed a bachelor's degree prior to admission, although some will admit students with three years of undergraduate education. Determine the admission requirements for each school you hope to attend before applying and make sure that you have met all of the minimum requirements.

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Attend pharmacy school and obtain a Doctor of Pharmacy, also known as a Pharm.D. degree. This is the standard degree for pharmacists throughout the United States. It will take you approximately four years to complete these degree after finishing your undergraduate degree program. While there is no consensus regarding any required training for veterinary pharmacists, you will need to be able to legally dispense medicine and advise veterinarians regarding different types of drugs. The Pharm.D. degree prepares you for both.

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Take specialized courses in veterinary pharmacy studies. If you can't complete these at the school where you do your Pharm.D. work, take additional coursework, once you have finished your degree, at a school that offers these courses. These will provide you further knowledge of the veterinary medicine field and with more specific knowledge of dosages for animals of all types and sizes. Some states like Florida require that pharmacists dispensing veterinary medicines complete additional courses like these to comply with state law and to ensure that you have the necessary knowledge to provide pharmacotherapy to animals.

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Pass your state licensing exams. All 50 states require that pharmacists be licensed to legally practice pharmaceutical dispensing. All 50 states require that you pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam (NAPLEX) to legally practice. Some will also require that you pass an additional jurisprudence exam that tests your knowledge of pharmaceutical law for your state as well. After passing these exams, you should be able to legally work as a pharmacist providing medicine for animal care.

ReferencesNational Institute of Health: The Role and Education of the Veterinary PharmacistThe Society of Veterinary Hospital PharmacistsUniversity of Florida, College of Pharmacy: Veterinary Pharmacy PracticeU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition -- PharmacistsPhoto Credit Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty ImagesRead Next:

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List of Roughage Sources for Horses

Feeding horses roughage such as alfalfa keeps them healthy.

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Roughage contains a high concentration of insoluble fiber and calcium, which helps keep the digestive tract and bones of horses healthy. Horses that graze in a pasture consume an adequate amount of roughage without supplementation since they take in a mix of grass and woody herbs. However, many horses are kept under more controlled conditions and must be supplied with a source of roughage to ward off diseases such as colic and laminitis.

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Green fodder refers to the natural mix of grass and woody herbs that occur naturally within a pasture environment. It is the least expensive source of roughage for horses, but is not always practical since a large parcel of land is required to provide green fodder to fulfill a horse's roughage requirements throughout the year.

Cereal Hay

Cereal hay includes oat and wheat straw, which is extremely fibrous and tough to chew. It provides slightly less calcium than other forms of roughage, but works very well to limit your horse's chances of developing colic, a gastrointestinal illness characterized by pain and bloating. While less economical than green fodder, cereal hay is more affordable than other cultivated roughage sources such as leguminous or grass hay.

Leguminous Hay

Beans, peas and alfalfa are all sources of leguminous hay, which is one of the most nutritionally dense forms of roughage. Leguminous hay contains a high concentration of water and protein and can cause diarrhea in horses if given in too great an abundance, so it is best used in moderation or mixed with cereal hay. In addition, the cost associated with producing leguminous hay makes it slightly more expensive to purchase than cereal hay, but less is needed per feeding to fulfill a horse's roughage requirements.

Grass Hay

Grass hay is the least common source of supplemental roughage for horses. It is made up of orchard, timothy, rye or other types of grass that has been mowed, cured and baled. While fairly inexpensive, grass hay--in particular fescue hay--sometimes harbors fungi that will cause damage to vulnerable horses such as pregnant mares and those with underlying health issues.

ReferencesUniversity of Missouri Extension; Feeding Horses; Wayne LochPhoto Credit Jupiterimages/Pixland/Getty ImagesRead Next:

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Efficient Management Can Improve Business Performance

Businesses must make certain that their managers are completely competent or face a drop in profits due to decreased employee productivity.

Research by the Chartered Management Institute revealed that bad British managers were costing the economy billions of pounds due to lost working hours caused by their inefficiencies.

A large majority of employees waste numerous working hours on a weekly basis thanks to their managers providing poor communication as well as a lack of direction and support.

Businesses can combat these inefficient management practices by ensuring that their managers possess a professional management qualification or by providing them with appropriate training on a regular basis.

Employing managers who are not properly trained or qualified can result in a poorly performing workplace as an efficient working culture is created through the actions of senior employees.

Managers are more likely to make mistakes which will damage the performance levels of other employees if they have not undergone appropriate training to achieve a qualification.

Businesses must understand the potential financial implications of employing inefficient managers during the current economic climate where profits are being hit by decreasing consumer confidence.

Untrained managers are also more likely to exhibiting discriminatory behaviour towards employees which can be construed as bullying because they are unaware of the legal consequences of their inappropriate actions.

Managers that behave inappropriately towards workers risk bringing about expensive employee tribunals which can seriously damage the reputation of a business in the immediate and long-term.

Efficient, modern management is a world away from the macho methods associated with the 1980s and 90s as well as reality television programmes such as The Apprentice and Dragons' Den, which is something businesses should realise.

High-performing businesses require an efficient and effective work culture that is based on a foundation of transparent decisions, good communications and gender diversity.

Effective and regular communication with employees can help managers embrace new ideas and input from across a company which can improve business performance.

Properly trained managers who are adept at communication will know when employees have under-used skills or expertise which can enhance how a business operates.

Quality candidates are also likely to be attracted to and stay with an organisation where managers are trained about bullying and gender discrimination issues that can occur in the workplace.

Performance improvement consulting experts can help an organisation enhance their processes and ultimately increase productivity through the application of systems thinking business theory.

Himsworth Consultancy is a leading Management Consultancy firm of senior business and peformance improvement consulting professionals that can improve customer service through systems thinking. Click the links to learn more.

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How to Insert an Animation in Kompozer

KompoZer can insert animated GIFs and Flash applets.

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KompoZer, an open-source Web page editor, can embed animations in your Web pages. To insert an animated GIF image, use KompoZer’s normal image-inserting tool; however, if you have a Flash animation, you have to edit your Web page’s HTML source. KompoZer doesn’t have a function that can insert Flash files graphically, but you can insert a Flash file with a small “